A quantum computer is a real or theoretical computer that uses the states of superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum computers can also be seen as systems that sample from quantum systems, evolving to be able to process multiple probabilities simultaneously, but subject to severe computational constraints. In contrast, conventional (“classical”) computers operate according to deterministic rules.
Quantum computers are not yet practical for real-world applications. Physically producing high-quality qubits is challenging. If a qubit is not sufficiently well isolated from its surroundings, it becomes decohered, which adds noise (error) to the calculations. National governments have made significant investments in experimental research to develop scalable qubits with longer coherence times and lower error rates. Examples of such approaches include superconductors (systems that eliminate electrical resistance and thus isolate electric current) and ion traps (systems that trap a single atomic particle with electromagnetic fields). These approaches are included in the article as experimental efforts toward the production of scalable qubits.
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