A quantum computer is a real or theoretical computer that uses states of superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum computers can be seen as systems that sample from quantum systems, evolving to be able to process many probabilities simultaneously, but subject to severe computational constraints. In contrast, conventional (“classical”) computers operate according to deterministic rules. As a general rule, a classical computer can be simulated by a mechanical device with only a simple exponential increase in time cost. By contrast, it is widely believed that a quantum computer can perform certain calculations exponentially faster than any classical computer. For example, a large-scale quantum computer could break certain public-key cryptography schemes in widespread use and help physicists perform physical simulations. However, today, the hardware applications of quantum computing are largely in the experimental stage and are only suitable for specific tasks.
Quantum computers are not yet practical for real-world applications. The physical production of high-quality qubits is challenging. If a qubit is not sufficiently well isolated from its surroundings, it becomes quantum decoherent, which adds noise (error) to the calculations. National governments have made significant investments in experimental research to develop scalable qubits with longer coherence times and lower error rates. Examples of such approaches include superconductors (systems that isolate electric current by eliminating electrical resistance) and ion traps (systems that trap a single atomic particle with electromagnetic fields). These approaches are included in the article as experimental efforts toward the production of scalable qubits.
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