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A small modular reactor (SMR) is an emergent class of nuclear fission reactors with a rated electrical power of less than 300 megawatts (MWe), which use modular design principles to achieve streamlined construction and enhanced scalability compared to large light-water reactors. Many SMR designs are intended to be built in factories and transported to installation sites as prefabricated modules, while others are designed for flexible multi-unit configurations.
The term SMR refers to the physical size, electrical capacity, and modular construction approach. Reactor technology varies significantly among SMR designs. As of March 2026, most SMR designs are light-water reactors (LWRs), however SMR concepts encompass various reactor types, including generation IV, thermal-neutron reactors, fast-neutron reactors, molten salt reactor, and gas-cooled reactor models. Many SMRs also incorporate passive safety features.
Commercial SMRs are designed to deliver an electrical power output as low as 10 MWe and up to 300 MWe per module. Reactors below 10 MWe in capacity are considered nuclear microreactors. SMRs may also be designed purely for desalination or process heat rather than electricity. These SMRs are measured in megawatts thermal (MWt). Many SMR designs plan for customers to simply add modules to achieve a desired electrical output rather than scaling the size of the reactor. These reactors are also expected to enhance safety through passive safety systems that operate without external power or human intervention during emergency scenarios, although this is not specific to SMRs but rather a characteristic of most modern reactor designs. SMRs are also claimed to have lower power plant staffing costs, as their operation is fairly simple, and are claimed to have the ability to bypass financial and safety barriers that inhibit the construction of conventional reactors.
SMRs have attracted strong interest from technology companies, such as Google and Microsoft, for use in powering data centers to meet demand driven by the AI boom. Modular reactors are expected to reduce construction costs and time compared to large light-water reactors, as well as allow data center operators to draw power exclusively from a behind-the-meter SMR without purchasing electricity from the power grid.
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Görsel Kaynağı: Wikimedia Commons